1. Law, M., 2000. Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. Bmj320(7238), pp.861-864.
  2. Akihisa T, Kokke W and Tamura T, Naturally occuring sterols and related compounds from plants, in Physiology and Biochemistry of Sterols. Ed by Patterson GW and Nes WD. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, IL, pp 172±228 (1991).
  3. Piironen, V., Lindsay, D.G., Miettinen, T.A., Toivo, J. and Lampi, A.M., 2000. Plant sterols: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture80(7), pp.939-966.
  4. Nes WR, Multiple roles for plant sterols, in The Metabolism, Structure and Function of Plant Lipids. Ed by Stumpf PK, Mudd BJ and Nes WR. Plenum, New York, pp 3±9 (1987)
  5. H?c-Wydro, K., Wydro, P., Jagoda, A. and Kapusta, J., 2007. The study on the interaction between phytosterols and phospholipids in model membranes. Chemistry and physics of lipids150(1), pp.22-34.
  6. Dufourc, E.J., 2008. The role of phytosterols in plant adaptation to temperature. Plant signaling & behavior3(2), pp.133-134.
  7. Gylling H and Miettinen TA, Phytosterols, analytical and nutritional aspects, in Functional Foods. A new Challenge for the Food Chemist. Ed by Lasztity R, Pfannhauser W, Simon- Sarkadi L and ToÈmoÈskoÈ zi S. Publishing Company of TUB, Budapest, pp 109 (1999).
  8. Czybayko F, Beumers B, Lammsfuss S, LuE?tjohann D and von Bergmann KA, A simpli®ed micro-method for quanti®cation of fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols for outpatient studies in humans. J Lipid Res 32:1861±1867 (1991).
  9. Dutta PC and Appelqvist L-AÊ , Saturated sterols (stanols) in unhydrogenated and hydrogenated edible vegetable oils and in cereal lipids. J Sci Food Agric 71:383±391 (1996).
  10. Morton GM, Lee SM, Buss DH and Lawrence P, Intakes and major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet. J Human Nutr Dietet 8:429±440 (1995).
  11. Wojciechowski ZA, Biochemistry of phytosterol conjugates, in Physiology and Biochemistry of Sterols. Ed by PattersonGWand Nes DW. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, IL, pp 361±395 (1991)
  12. De Vries JHM, Jansen A, Kromhout D, van de Bovenkamp P, van Staveren WA, Mensink RP and Katan MB, The fatty acid and sterol content of food composites of middle-aged men in seven countries. J Food Comp Anal 10:115±141 (1997)
  13. Phillips KM, TarragoÂ-Tani MT and Stewart KK, Phytosterol content of experimental diets differing in fatty acid composition. Food Chem64:415±422 (1999)
  14. Schothorst RC and Jekel AA, Oral sterol intake in the Netherlands: evaluation of the results obtained by GC analysis of duplicate 24-h diet samples collected 1994. Food Chem64:561±566 (1999).
  15. Lin DS, Connor WE and Phillipson E, Sterol composition of normal human bile. Effects of feeding shell®sh (marine) sterols.Gastroenterology 86:611±617 (1983).
  16. Law, M.R., Wald, N.J., Wu, T., Hackshaw, A. and Bailey, A., 1994. Systematic underestimation of association between serum cholesterol concentration and ischaemic heart disease in observational studies: data from the BUPA study. Bmj308(6925), pp.363-366.
  17. Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC. 2001. Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 20:5_19.
  18. Pollak OJ and Kritchevsky D, Sitosterol, inMonographs on Atherosclerosis, Vol 10, Ed by Clarkson TB, KritchevskyDand Pollak OJ. Karger,Basle, pp 1±219 (1981)
  19. Best MM, Duncan CH, Van Loon EJ, Wathen JD, Lowering of serum cholesterol by the administration of a plant sterol.Circulation 1954. ;10 : 201-206.
  20. Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA. Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infraction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine :women and dietary sitostanol.Circulation 1997. ; 96 :4226-4231.
  21. Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Serum cholesterol and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment.Diabetologia 1994. ;37 : 773-780.
  22. Jones PJH, McDougall DE, Ntanios F, Vanstone CA. Dietary phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents in humans. Can JPhysiol Pharmacol 1997. ; 75 :217-227.
  23. Lees AM, Mok HYI, Lees RS, McCluskey MA, Grundy SM. Plant sterolsas cholesterol-lowering agents : clinical trials in patients with hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance.Atherosclerosis 1997. ;28 : 325-338
  24. Heinemann T, Kullak-Ublick A, Pietruck B, von Bergmann K.Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption.Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991. ;40(suppl 1) :59S-63S.
  25. Shahidi F, Natural Antioxidants. AOCS Press,Champaign, IL, pp 1±11 (1996)
  26. Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartianen E. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. N Engl J Med1995. ; 333 :1308-1312.
  27. Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake.Metabolism 1999. ;48 : 575-580.
  28. Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaernic subjects.Eur J Clin Nutr1998. ;52 : 334-343.
  29. Hallikainen MA, Uusitupa MI. Effects of 2 low-fat stanolester-containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Am J ClinNutr 1999. ; 69 :403-410.
  30. Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, et al. Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment.J Lipid Res 1993. ;34 : 1535-1544.
  31. Vanhanen HT, Kajander J, Lehtovirta H, Miettinen TA. Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Clin Sci (Colch) 1994. ;87 : 61-67.
  32. Hendriks HFJ, Weststrate JA, van Vliet T, Meijer GW. Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr1999. ; 53 :319-327.
  33. ‘Niinikoski H, Viikari J, Palmu T. Cholesterol-lowering effect and sensory properties of sitostanol ester margarine in normocholesterolemic adults.Scand J Nutr 1997. ;41 : 9-12.
  34. Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease ? BMJ 1994. ;308 : 367-373
  35. Glueck CJ, Speirs J, Tracy T, Streicher P, Illig E, Vandegrift J.Relationships of serum plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol in 595 hypercholesterolemic subjects, and familial aggregation of phytosterols, cholesterol, and premature coronary heart disease in hyperphytosterolemic probands and their first-degree relatives. Metabolism 1991. ; 40 :842-848.
  36. Plat J, van Onselen ENMand Mensink RP, Dietary plant stanol ester mixtures. Effects on safety parameters and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition in non-hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur Heart J Suppl 1:S58±S63 (1999).
  37. Plat J and Mensink RP, Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures: effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis148:101±112 (2000).
  38. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996. ;334 : 1150-1155.